解决方法
在Docker中启动mysql，定义端口号为3306
[root@localhost ~]# docker run -p 3306:3306 --name mysql01 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 -d mysql执行命令，输入密码
[root@localhost ~]# docker exec -it mysql01 bash
root@234b69d6f:/# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 8
Server version: 8.0.12 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> 授权权限
mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'root'@'%';刷新权限
mysql> flush privileges;更改加密规则
mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password' PASSWORD EXPIRE NEVER;修改root用户密码
mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY '密码';再次刷新权限
mysql> flush privileges;刷新完后连接成功。
感谢